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A sample of 240 managed portfolios has a mean annual return of 0.11 and a standard deviation of returns of 0.23. The standard error of the sample mean is closest to:

A. 0.01485.

B. 0.00096.

C. 0.00710.

解析：选A。样本标准误 = 总体标准差 / 样本量的平方根 = 0.23 / (240)^0.5 = 0.01485

A fund manager would like to estimate the probability of a daily loss higher than 5% on the fund he manages. He decides to use a method that uses the relative frequency of occurrence based on historical data. The resulting probability is best described as a(n):


A. subjective probability.

B. a priori probability.

C. empirical probability.

解析：选C。要区分几种概率的定义：

经验概率(empirical probability)：根据历史数据来估计

先验概率(priori probability)：通过对问题的推理来推断出概率

其中，经验概率与先验概率属于客观概率(objective probabilities)

主观概率(subjective probability)：基于个人或主观判断

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